Journal No. 63: Doom Turtles
The Americans
By Mike Bennighof, Ph.D.
September 2026

Golden Journal No. 63: Doom Turtles is all about the improbable, gigantic fighting machines built or designed in the closing year or two of the Second World War. We were going to name it War Machines, but that’s not nearly as awesome a title as Doom Turtles.

Doom Turtles has a whole passel of pieces: the Americans and Soviets from the old Iron Curtain books, and the Germans from the old Secret Weapons book. You get three of the German sheet (it printed with Elsenborn Ridge, so we have a whole lot of extras). That adds up to 385 pieces; you get 20 new scenarios so you can play with them.

The Journal takes its name from the American T28 assault gun, the “Doom Turtle.” So let’s have a look at all of the American pieces.

The Doom Turtle
The United States didn't recognize the “assault gun” category, and so the T28 was designated a heavy tank. And it certainly was: 85 tons of armor dragged forward by a V8 engine weaker than that in the Sherman tank. The high-velocity 105mm gun, similar to that in the T29, was supposed to destroy fortifications while 12 inches of armor plate kept the crew invulnerable to counter-fire. Of course, with a top speed of 8 miles per hour it could literally have been run down by a Soviet sprinter waving a Molotov cocktail, and so maybe it wasn’t the best idea ever to come out of the military-industrial complex.

Two test models appeared in late 1945 and early 1946, eventually re-designated as a “gun motor carriage,” but when the T29 appeared the next year with the same armament and much better performance, the big armored turtle was dragged out to the Aberdeen Proving Ground’s museum collection, where one of them rusts still.

Belton Cooper’s Redemption
Back in the 1990s, I worked on a memoir called “Deathtraps” for my old friend Belton Y. Cooper, an ordnance officer with the 3rd Armored Division during the 1944-1945 campaigns in Europe. He wouldn’t let me include the worst of his verbal tirades against George S. Patton and the U.S. Army ordnance establishment over what he saw as failure to bring a true heavy tank to the troops before the war ended. Reliance on the inadequate M4 Sherman, Belton believed literally to his dying day, had doomed thousands of American tank crewmen to needless death and dismemberment.

The M26 Pershing tank, according to Belton, would have given American tankers a worthy vehicle that could stand up to the big German tanks. Development on a heavy tank had begun in 1940, but testing of the M6 in early 1942 proved the vehicle grossly inadequate. Instead, a series of medium tanks began development, steadily increasing in size and firepower until the T26 was re-designated a heavy tank in the summer of 1944. In production this became the M26 Pershing, and the first production models rolled off the lines that November. Third Armored Division would receive two of them by war’s end, modifying them with so much extra armor to prevent an embarrassing loss that the extra weight made them nearly immobile.

Had a hot war broken out in the later 1940s, the Pershing would have seen much more use — though production slowed after the war and several “memorials” at Fort Knox were taken off their pedestals and hurriedly refurbished for service in the Korean War. It had a very good 90mm gun and good armor protection; the 470 horsepower Ford V8 was actually less powerful than the engines in some of the later Shermans and this greatly hampered its mobility.

We've provided both the M26 main battle tank version and the M45 support tank with a 105mm howitzer. Belton always did think wargames were a silly way to tell history, much less to make a living, but I think he’d have liked this counter. I miss the old guy who taught me how to change diapers.

The Hated Sherman
Of course, that approval would probably have been balanced out by the inclusion of two late-war Sherman variants — a gross misuse of resources, according to the semi-retired engineer. The Sherman began to receive a much better 76mm gun in 1944. Doom Turtles’s M4/76 represents the M4A3E8 “Easy Eight” with improved suspension; the official designation seemed a bit overwrought to print on a game piece. It’s just as mobile as the M4 with a 75mm gun, and though its direct fire performance is not quite as good it has far more capability against enemy armor. But still not nearly enough if it runs into the Soviet JS3.

Likewise, rather than saddle the other variant with its official “M4A3E2” designation, the Jumbo gets the same name the troops gave it. The Jumbo had much thicker armor and was intended for use as an assault tank; the engine remained the same and so it was also much slower than the standard Sherman.

Light and Fast
The M24 Chaffee light tank is often held to be the best American tank design of World War II, with firepower and protection equivalent to the Sherman but much greater speed. With a 75mm lightweight gun derived from an aircraft cannon, the M24 had the same engine and chassis as the obsolete M5 Stuart light tank but a much-improved hull design and better armor.

This is the tank shown on the cover of our old Battle of the Bulge game (it’s not actually present in the counter mix), and despite the self-appointed internet experts it did take part in the battle, two of them being present with the 740th Tank Battalion and 34 with the 2nd Cavalry Group. But the bulk of the 4,700 built only reached the troops after the war in Europe had come to a close.

Heavy Tanks
Battlefield experience showed that even with its good design and thick armor, the Pershing could be knocked out by the Royal Tiger’s 88mm gun. Within days of the first loss of a Pershing in battle, the Army ordered an improved version with better armor and a much more suitable 12-cylinder engine. The four test models ordered met their specs - the same performance as the M26 with better armor - but never went into series production. Had the Cold War turned hot, the T32 likely would have been the tank ordered for general use, and so we've given you six of them.

Heavier Tanks
The T29 tank program began in September 1944, with the object of providing a heavily-protected vehicle to attack fortifications and deal with super-heavy tanks like the Royal Tiger (and, not openly stated but widely understood, the huge Soviet tanks then also in development). The tank was a lengthened version of the M26, with a long, high-powered 105mm cannon and four .50-claiber machine guns and a much more powerful engine than the Pershing. A handful of test models were delivered in 1947, but this vehicle never went into production. Like other tanks, it would have been designated with an M instead of a T in service, and so it is here.

The same design team also drew up the T30, with the same chassis but an even larger turret housing a 155mm gun. This required a power hoist and rammer, and the 155mm rounds came in two parts, greatly slowing its rate of fire. It had a more powerful engine than the T29, but it was no faster thanks to its greater weight.

Armored Personnel Carrier
The M39 saw limited use in the late 1940s and early 1950s as a fully-tracked APC to replace the M3 halftrack. It was a modified M36 tank destroyer with the turret removed and a .50-caliber machine gun on a ring mount. By the 1950s it gave way to the series of box-like vehicles that culminated in the ubiquitous M113. It’s very useful in game terms, but was expensive and dissatisfied the Army brass.

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Mike Bennighof is president of Avalanche Press and holds a doctorate in history from Emory University. A Fulbright Scholar and NASA Journalist in Space finalist, he has published a great many books, games and articles on historical subjects; people are saying that some of them are actually good. He lives in Birmingham, Alabama with his wife and three children.

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